First proposed in the 1970s, quantum
computing depend on quantum physics by taking advantage of certain quantum
physics properties of atoms or nuclei that allow them to work together as
quantum bits to be the computer's processor and memory. By interacting
with each other while being remote from the external environment, quantum bit
can perform certain calculations exponentially faster than conventional
computers.
Quantum bit do not base on the
traditional binary nature
of computing. While traditional computers encode information using binary
numbers, either 0 or 1, and can only do calculations on one set of numbers at
once, quantum computers encode information as a series of quantum-mechanical
states such as spin directions of electrons or polarization orientations of a
photon that might represent a 1 or a 0, might represent a combination of the
two or might represent a number expressing that the state of the quantum bit is
somewhere between 1 and 0, or a superposition of many different numbers at
once. A quantum computer can do an arbitrary reversible classical computation
on all the numbers simultaneously, which a binary system cannot do, and also
has some ability to produce interference between various different numbers. By
doing a computation on many different numbers at once, then interfere the
results to get a single answer, a quantum computer has the potential to be much
more powerful than a classical computer of the same size. In using only a
single processing unit, a quantum computer can naturally perform myriad
operations in parallel.
Quantum computing is not well suited for
tasks such as word processing and email, but it is ideal
for tasks such as cryptography and modeling and indexing very large databases.
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